( ISSN 2277 - 9809 (online) ISSN 2348 - 9359 (Print) ) New DOI : 10.32804/IRJMSH

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VERNACULARIZATION OF MUGHAL LITERARY CULTURE

    1 Author(s):  SHREEKANT KUMAR CHANDAN

Vol -  5, Issue- 4 ,         Page(s) : 116 - 124  (2014 ) DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/IRJMSH

Abstract

Mughal historiography has seen some fruitful engagements on the process of the Mughal patronage to Brajbhasha poets at imperial and sub imperial level. Similarly, why Mughal Persian poets of repute were composing some part of their literary work in the vernacular like Braj Bhasha or Awadhi has been looked afresh in recent scholarship. Broadly speaking, all these intellectual engagements while trying to answer some specific questions regarding use of vernacular for literary composition in the Mughal world also offered a particular model to explain the complex cultural process of Vernacularization of the Mughal literary culture in the late seventeenth and eighteenth century earlier marked by the dominance of Persian literature and literati. Other scholarly attempt had directly engaged with the question of cosmopolitan and vernacular and tried to explore how vernaculars replaced Persian, the cosmopolitan language and emerged as languages of power in the late 18th century by linking political changes with developments in the literary field which again can be accommodated in the umbrella framework of vernacularization of Mughal literary culture.

  1.   For a serious engagement over this question, see Busch, The poetry of kings, 2011.  
  2.   See, Shantanu phookan, ‘Through throat where many rivers meet’ 
  3.   The expression is borrowed from Shantanu Phukan,
  4.   Richard Maxwell Eaton, Sufis of Bijapur 1300-1700, (New Delhi: MUnshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1996), pp. 140-160.
  5.   Muzaffar Alam, The languages of Political Islam in India C. 1200-1800, New Delhi: Permanent Black, [2004] second paper back printing 2010, pp.135. Also see, The Crisis of Mughal State.
  6.   Shantanu Phookan, Through throat where many rivers meet,
  7.   Francis Robinson, Islam and Muslim History in south Asia, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 76.
  8.   Busch, P.32
  9.   For detailed discussion on how rich merchants were influencing politics and changing the terms of kingship in the regional state of Awadh and Bengal in the eighteenth century through their bonding across caste and increased financial clout. See, C. A. Bayly, Merchants, Rulers and Townsmen.  
  10.   For an interesting study of non-court institution like salons hosted by poets and salon cum religious gathering and its role in promoting vernacular literary culture, see, in ‘Before the divide’ ed.    
  11.   Busch Allison, poetry of king, 2011.
  12.   Muzaffar Alam,  “Aspects of Agrarian Uprisings in North India in the early eighteenth century” in Mughal State1526-1750, eds. Muzaffar Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Delhi: Oxford University Press, [1998], Third impression 2011, p.453. Also see, Muzaffar Alam, The crisis of Empire in Mughal North India, Awadh and the Punjab 1707-1748, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986. p.94-95,
  13.   Muzaffar Alam, The crisis of Empire in Mughal North India, Awadh and the Punjab 1707-1748, Delhi:Oxford University Press, 1986. pp.102.

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