( ISSN 2277 - 9809 (online) ISSN 2348 - 9359 (Print) ) New DOI : 10.32804/IRJMSH

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SOZKHWANI- {PRELUDE TO MOURNING}

    1 Author(s):  PREETI AWASTHI

Vol -  5, Issue- 12 ,         Page(s) : 87 - 95  (2014 ) DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/IRJMSH

Abstract

The rulers of Awadh were active patrons of art and culture. They inherited the rich traditions of the Mughals and strengthened these by creating an atmosphere of trust and cooperation amongst their subjects. They also created an environment of eclecticism by bringing together heterogeneous elements in several aspects like painting, music, philosophy, education and religion. Under the patronage of the Nawabs of Awadh, who conformed to Shi’a rituals, the marsiya and sozkhwani rose to unprecedented heights1; as a literary genre it represented a synthesis of multiple Indian traditions. Marsiya and Sozkhwani took shape in accordance with these developments in language, musical forms, and Shi’a rituals2 and came to reflect all aspects of the culture of Awadh.

1. Oldenberg, Veena, Talwar ,‘The Making of Colonial Lucknow’;pg.79-83.
2. Ibid.;pg.38-39.
3. Oldenberg, Veena, Talwar ,‘Lifestyle as Resistance: The Case of the Courtesans of Lucknow’;pg.79-83.
4. Ibid.;pg.93-94.
5. Pukhraj, Malka , 'Song Sung True: A Memoir’;pg.23-25.
6. Ibid.;pg.29.
7. Qureshi, RegulaBurkhardt, ‘Islamic Music in an Indian Environment: The Shia Majlis’, Ethnomusicology 1981, Vol. 25, no 1.;pg.117-119.
8. Ibid.;pg.123.
9. Santha, K.S. , ‘Begums of Awadh’;pg.97-101.
10. Ibid.;pg.115.
11. Sharar, Abdul Halim, ‘Lucknow: The Last Phase of an Oriental Culture’ [E.S. Harcourt and Fakir Hussain ];pg.204-206.
12. Taki, Roshan, ‘Lucknow keBhand Parampara’;pg.69-73.
13. Ibid.;pg.86.
14. Umar Khan , ‘SarodiyonkiGharane’, SwarnJayantSmarik Lucknow: Bhatkhande Hindustani SangeetMahavidyalaya, ;pg.205-209.
15. Ibid.;pg.276-279.
16. Ibid.;pg.54-57.
17. Hussain, MirzaJaffar,‘QadeemLakhnaukiTwaifen’, Aajkal, May, 1977. (Hindi).
18. Ibbetson, Denizil, H.A. Rose comp., ‘A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province’ ;pg.102-105.
19. Ibid.;pg.117-119.
20. Imam, Hakim Mohammad Karam, ‘Melody through the Centuries’ [GovindVidyarthi tr.], SangeetNatakAkademi Bulletin. 11-12 April 1959 .
21. Ibid.
22. Kolff, Dirk A. , ‘Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan,1450-1850’;pg.126-129.
23. Ibid.;pg.134-139. 
24. Llewellyn-Jones, Rosie, ‘ A Fatal Friendship: The Nawabs, the British, and the City of Lucknow’;pg109-114
25. Ibid.;pg.98-99.
26. Manuel, Peter La Marche , ‘Thumri in Historical Perspective’;pg. 101-113.
27. Marshall, P.J.,‘Economic and Political Expansion: the Case of Oudh’, Modern Asian Studies, 1975, Vol. 9, no 4.;pg.79-82.
28. Ibid;pg.89.
29. Mishra, Susheela, ‘Great Masters of Hindustani Music';pg.56-58.. Delhi: Hem Publishers, 1981
30. Mukhopadhyay, Dilip Kumar, ‘BharatiyaSangeeteyGharanarItihas’. 
31. Muhury, Reba, ‘Thumri O Baijis’;pg.54-57.
32. Ibid.;pg.68-69.
33. Lalji, ‘Sultan al Hikayat (1853), MS no. 2149, Reza Library, Rampur,f.485.
34. Sharar, Abdul Halim, ‘Guzishta Lucknow’;pg.,301.
35. Ibid.;pg.485.
36. Ali Sa’adat ‘Ali Nasir’, ‘Tazkira-i-khushMarka-I Zeba; Tagore Library, Lucknow University, Lucknow.
37. Ibid.
38. Rajab Ali Beg ‘Surur’, ‘Fasana-i-Ibrat’,Lucknow,1957;pg.124.
39. Raja Hussain Ali Khan, ‘Ma’arif-ulNaghmat’, Urdu,Lucknow, 1924, pg.19.
40. Ibid.pg.32-37.
41. Khan Muhammad Karam Imam, ‘Ma’adan-ul-Musiqi’(1856);pg.43- 46.
42. Khan Muhammad Karam Imam, ‘Ma’adan-ul-Musiqi’(1856);pg.45-47.
43. Ibid;pp.49-51.
44. Wazid Ali Shah, ‘Bani’ ‘Najo’ (Urdu);pg.41-43.
45. TaqiMirza Muhammad, ‘Tarikh-I Aftab-I Awadh, (Urdu )Tagore Library, University of Lucknow, Lucknow.
46. Ibid.
47. Saraf  Dr. Reena, ‘ Indian Music Today’;pg.65.
48. Ali Sa’adat ‘Ali Nasir’, ‘Tazkira-i-khushMarka-I Zeba, Tagore Library, Lucknow University, Lucknow.
49. Ahmad Khan, M. A. (2007). A Binding Legacy. Seminar 575: Between Cultures – a symposium on the changing face of Lucknow;pg.90.
50. Ibid.;pg.112-115.
51. Ali, M.; ‘Shahr e Nigaaran’- Seminar: Between Cultures – a symposium on the changing face of Lucknow; pg. 78.  
52. Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-13.
53. Ibid.;pg.34.
54. Bayly, C.A. (1973). Patrons and Politics in Northern India. Modern Asian Studies 7(3):349-388. 
55. Ibid.;pg.356.
56. Graff, V., Gupta, N. &Hasan, M. (2006). Introduction. In Graff, V. (ed.) Luckow: Memories of a City; pg. 31. 
57. Ibid.; pg.56-59.
58. Khan, V. ‘Behind the Purdah: Between Cultures – a symposium on the changing face of Lucknow’; pg. 21-26. 
59. Mehta, V.‘Shaam-e-Awadh: Writings on Lucknow’; pg. 230. 
60. Ibid. pg.205-208.
61. Leppert, Richard and Susan McClary, eds. Music and Society: The Politics of Composition,Performance, and Reception;pg.35.
62. Ibid.;pg.37.
63. Leppert, Richard and Susan McClary,“Music, Domestic Life, and Cultural Chauvinism: Images of British Subjects at Home in India” ;pg.67.
64. Ibid.;pg.78.
65. Leppert, Richard and Susan McClary,InMusic and Society: The Politics of Composition, Performance, andReception;pg.26.

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