( ISSN 2277 - 9809 (online) ISSN 2348 - 9359 (Print) ) New DOI : 10.32804/IRJMSH

Impact Factor* - 6.2311


**Need Help in Content editing, Data Analysis.

Research Gateway

Adv For Editing Content

   No of Download : 40    Submit Your Rating     Cite This   Download        Certificate

धर्म पाकिस्तानी राष्ट्रवाद के स्रोत के रूप में

    1 Author(s):  KULDEEP KUMAR

Vol -  6, Issue- 2 ,         Page(s) : 208 - 220  (2015 ) DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/IRJMSH

Abstract

मुहम्मद ईकबाल (1877-1938) तथा एम.ए. जिन्ना (1876-1948) को पाकिस्तानी ईस्लामिक राष्ट्रवाद का प्रवर्तक तथा पिता माना जाता है। ईकबाल ने ‘हिन्दू-मुस्लिम एकता’ स्थापित करते हुए ‘‘एकीकृत भारत’’ का समर्थन किया। (Brahanism) तथा मुल्लावाद (Mullaism) दोनों के नकारात्मक-संकीर्ण विचारों का विरोध किया। लेकिन सन्‌ 1909 के दौरान ईकबाल ने हिन्दू-मुस्लिम दो भिन्न धर्मों के लिए ‘‘पृथक दो राष्ट्रों’’ की सिफारिश भी की। ईकबाल ने ‘मुस्लिम राष्ट्रवाद’ (Muslim Nationalim) को एक ‘आदर्श’ (Ideal) तथा ‘क्रियात्मक छवि’ (Course of action) प्रदान करने का प्रयास किया, ताकि भारतीय मुस्लिम समाज अपनी कमजोरियों से उभरकर एक ‘‘मुस्लिम राष्ट्र’’ (Muslim Nation) के रूप में संगठित हो सके। ईकबाल का ‘मुस्लिम राष्ट्रवाद’, ‘धार्मिक सहिष्णुता’ (Religious harmony) पर आधारित ‘सकारात्मक मुस्लिम राष्ट्रवाद’(Positive Muslim Nationalism) था ना कि ‘कट्‌टर मुस्लिम राष्ट्रवाद’ (Conservative Muslim Nationalism)।

1. Anwar Syed, (1998), "PAKISTAN: Islam, Politics and National Solidarity" Published by Vanguard, Lahore, Pakistan.
2. Bilal Quareshi, "Religion and Nationalism in Pakistan" Monday, September 77:56 am EST.
3. Dixit, J.N. (1996), "My South Block Years: Memories of a Foreign Secretary" Chapter 7. Neighbours Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran, First Published by UBS Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Eriksen, T H. (1993), Ethnicity and Nationalism .London: Pluto Press.
5. Global Researcher, (2008), Exploring International, Perspectives, Dec. Volume, 2, Number 12, Page 321-348, "Crisis in Pakistan". pp. 323-338. 
6. Haleem, I. (2003), Ethnic and Sectarian Violence and Propensity towards Praetorianism in Pakistan.  TWQ, Vol.24, No.3, pp.463-477.
7. Kalim Bahadur, (1998), "Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts" (Har-Anand PublicationsNew Delhi)
8. Louise Geary, (1990), "Iqbal and Islamic Fundamentalism."
9. Mohammand Amir Rana, (2005), The Seeds of Terrorism, New melleniume publisher, Pkistan.
10. Nabeel T. Jabbour, (1994), Islamic Fundamentalism: Implications for Missions URL: http://ijfm.org%2FPDFs_IJFM%2F11_2_PDFs%2F06_Jabbour.pdf&ei=8JlRVfGvCoeTuATKr4CQBg&usg=AFQjCNEFRq1pMLktKryYhZsgnthv4B0NGA&sig2=n3OI2rWCgm0X9kwOKEVqWw, [Accessed on 10January 2014].
11. Nasr, V. (2000), International Politics, Domestic Imperatives and Identity Moblization: Sectarianism in Pakistan, 1979-1998.’ Comparative Politics, No. 28,  pp. 171-190.
12. "Pakistani Nationalism" From Wikipedia, the encycopedia. 
13. Pathak, D.C. (2003), IPS, Former Director, Intelligence Bureau, "Pakistan's Islamic Legacy", 
14. Pinault, D. (2003), Shia-Sunni Relations in Contemporary Pakistan, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.XXVI, No.3. pp. 62-84. 

15. Rashid A. (1997), The Politics and Dynamics of Violent Sectarianism’ in Zia Mian and Iftikhar Ahmed (eds). Making Enemies, Creating Conflict: Pakistan’s Crisis of State and Society, Lahore: Mahlal Press. Pp. 36-49, Pakistan.
16. Saleem Khan, (2008), "Religious Nationalism and Secularism in Pakistan", Research paper, scholar in London Metropolitan University, London.
17. Sammual P. Hulington, (1993),"Clashes between Civilizations", Foreign Affairs; Summer; 72, 3; ABI/INFORM Global,pg. 22.
18. Simon Murden, "Cultural Conflicts in International Relations: The West and Islam"
19. Stepehen Philip Cohen, (2005), "The Idea of Pakistan", Oxford University Press, Published in America.
20. Verma, Anand K. (2001), "Reassessing Pakistan: Role of Two Nation Theory" Published in India by Lancer Publisher & Distributors.
21. Zahab, M A. (2002), Sectarianism as a Substitute identity. In Imran Anwar Ali (et al) Pakistan: The Contours of State and Society. Karachi: OUP. Pp. 77-95, Pakistan.

*Contents are provided by Authors of articles. Please contact us if you having any query.






Bank Details