( ISSN 2277 - 9809 (online) ISSN 2348 - 9359 (Print) ) New DOI : 10.32804/IRJMSH

Impact Factor* - 6.2311


**Need Help in Content editing, Data Analysis.

Research Gateway

Adv For Editing Content

   No of Download : 59    Submit Your Rating     Cite This   Download        Certificate

अठारहवीं शताब्दी के उत्तर भारतीय राजनीतिक तथा सामाजिक परिवेश का पुर्नलोकन : जिक्र-ए-मीर एक ऐतिहासिक स्रोत के रूप में

    1 Author(s):  SANDEEP KUMAR VERMA

Vol -  6, Issue- 3 ,         Page(s) : 289 - 299  (2015 ) DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/IRJMSH

Abstract

अठारहवीं सदी में सम्पूर्ण भारत में सामाजिक, आर्थिक, राजनीतिक व सांस्कृतिक परिवर्तन तेजी से हो रहे थे, साथ ही यह मध्यकाल से आधुनिक काल मेंं स्थानान्तरण का भी दौर था। अठारहवीं सदी में जहाँ एक तरफ मुगल साम्राज्य अपने विघटन की और अग्रसर था, वहीं दूसरी तरफ तत्कालीन परिस्थितियों ने नये स्वतन्त्र तथा अर्द्ध-स्वतन्त्र राज्यों के उदय को भी बढ़ावा दिया। इसके साथ ही बाहरी आक्रमणों ने मुगल सत्ता को खोखला ही नहीं किया, अपितु कई स्वतन्त्र क्षेत्रीय शक्तियाँ – अवध, हैदराबाद, बंगाल, मेवाड़, मारवाड़, मराठों आदि के उदय का मार्ग प्रशस्त किया।

1. Ahmed Ali, 'The Anguished Heart: Mir and the Eighteenth Century', from The Golden Tradition: An Anthology of Urdu Poetry, selected, translated, and with an introduction by Ahmed Ali (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973) Pp. 23-54. 
2. Alam, Muzaffar The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and Punjab, 1707-48 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986).
3. -------The Languages of Political Islam in India, c. 1200-1800 (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004).
4. Ernst, Carl W. Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History and Politics at the South Asian Sufi Centre (Albany: Suny Press, 1992).
5. Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman, 'The Poet in the Poem; or, Veiling the Utterance.' From A Wilderness of Possibilities: Urdu Studies in Transnational Perspective, ed. by Kathryn Hansen and David Lelyveld (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 173-91. 
6. Gupta, S.P. The Agrarian System of Eastern Rajasthan (Delhi: Manohar, 1986).
7. Hintze, Andrea The Mughal Empire and Its Decline: An Interpretation of the Sources of Social Power (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997).
8. Marshall, P.J. The eighteenth Century in Indian History: Evolution or Revolution? (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003).
9. Metcalf, Barbara D Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Islam in South Asian Islam (Berkeley: University of Californiya Press, 1984).
10. Metcalf, Barbara D. (ed.) Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).
11. Naim, C. M., 'Mir and his Patrons' and 'Mir on his Patrons', in Annual of Urdu Studies 14 (1999). 
12. Naim, C. M., 'Mir in "Fact" and Fiction', in Annual of Urdu Studies 24 (2009).
13. Naim, C. M., trans. and ed., intro. Zikr-i Mir: The Autobiography of the Eighteenth Century Mughal Poet: Mir Muhammad Taqi 'Mir' (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999). 
14. Naim, C.M. Urdu Text and Context: The Selected Essays (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004).
15. Nizami, K.A. ‘Fakir, the encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden: Brill).
16. Ram Babu Saksena, A History of Urdu Literature (Allahabad, 1940).
17. Russell, Ralph, and Khurshidul Islam, Three Mughal Poets: Mir, Sauda, Mir Hasan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968).

*Contents are provided by Authors of articles. Please contact us if you having any query.






Bank Details