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THE DEBILITATED CONGRESS IN COLONIAL PUNJAB
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Author(s):
DR. VIKRAM SINGH
Vol - 5, Issue- 6 ,
Page(s) : 301 - 310
(2014 )
DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/IRJMSH
Abstract
This article is an endeavor to analyze microscopically to elucidate the position of ‘The Debilitated Congress in Colonial Punjab’. The Punjab was prosperous as five rivers (Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, Jhelum and Chenab) ran through the province. Punjab, lies between the Indus and the Ganges rivers. Most of the state has an alluvial plain which is irrigated by canals. The British Punjab constituted two thirteenth of the whole of the British Indian Empire which had total area nearly 2, 53,000 square miles. The position of the Punjab on the globe is at 29’30’’ N to 32’32’’ N latitude and 73’55 E to 76’50 E longitude.
- Sharma, Inderjeet, Land revenue Administration in the Punjab 1849-1901. New
- Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 1992, pp 15-23.
- Duni Chand, The Ulster of India, Lahore, 1936, p.2 Also see Azim Hussain, Sir Fazal-I- Hussain: A Political Biography, Bombay, 1946, p. 70.
- Joshi, V.C. (ed), Lala Lajpat Rai: Autobiographical Writings, Delhi, 1965. p. 87.
- Ibid., pp. 95-96.
- The Land Alienation Act was passed in the Imperial Legislative Council on October 19, 1900, which came into force in June 1901. The Act aimed at placing certain restrictions on the transfer of agricultural land in the Punjab with a view to checking its alienation from the agricultural to the non-agricultural classes. It also prohibited all unsfractory mortgages except “automatic repayment mortgage”, where after the expiry of the term of mortgage which was limited to a maximum of 15 years, the land, reverted to the mortgage with the mortgage debt extinguish.
- Annie Beasant; How India Wrought For Freedom; Theosophical Publishing House, Madras, 1915, p. 317.
- See Report of the Proceedings of the Sixth Indian National Congress, Session 1890, Calcutta, N.M.M.L., New Delhi,
- See Report of the Proceedings of the Sixteenth Indian National Congress, Lahore, 1900, N.M.M.L., New Delhi,
- Ibid.
- O’Dwyer, M., India as I Knew it 1885-1925, London, 1925.
- Edward Churchill; ‘Printed Literature of the Punjabi Muslims, 1860-1900’ in Sources on Punjab History, pp.309-10.
- Ibid.
- Report of the Congress Session, 1893, N.M.M.L., New Delhi,
- Ibid.
- Leigh,M. S., The Punjab and the War, Lahore, 1922, p. 14.
- A.I.C.C. Papers (Punjab 1942-45), F. No. p. 16, N.M.M.L., New Delhi.
- Gopal Madan, Sir Chhotu Ram: A Political Biography, p.107.
- Tika Ram, Sir Chhotu Ram-A Political Biography, 1979, p.45
- Agnihotri, H.L. and Malik Shiva N., A Profile in Courage A Biography of Sir Chhotu Ram, 1978, p.33.
- National Front, July 3, 1938.
- Narang, A.S., Storm Over the Sutlej-The Akali Politics, Delhi, 1983, p. 58
- Home Political, 18/5/42, 2nd half of May, 1942, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
- Home Political., F. No. 4/2/39, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
- Ibid., F. No. E-17/1937, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Oral History Transcript, Lala Jagat Narain, Acc. No. 373, p.82, N.M.M.L., New Delhi.
- Interviewed by Tofic Kitchlew son of Dr.Saif-ud-din Kitchlew.
- Oral History Transcript, Lala Jagat Narain, Acc. No.373, pp. 48-49, N.M.M.L., New Delhi.
- Home Political, F. No. 1/12/1943, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
- Ibid.
- Linlithgow Collection, Glancy to Linlithgow, August 21, 1942 MSS.EUR.F.No. 125/91, N.M.M.L., New Delhi.
- A.I.C.C. Papers, Punjab 1942-46, F. No. p. 16, N.M.M.L., New Delhi.
- Mansergh Nicholas, The Transfer of Power 1942-1947, Vol. II (London, 1971), p. 463.
- A.I.C.C. Papers, Punjab 1942-46, F. No. p. 16 N.M.M.L., New Delhi.
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