1 for example, the Charter of the United Nations, Art. 55 (c), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 2, and the Vienna Declaration and Plan of Action.
2 A more secure world: Our shared responsibility (United Nations publication, Sales N° E.05.I.5).
3 In particular, Security Council resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1377 (2001); General Assembly resolutions 48/122, 49/185, 50/186, 52/133, 56/160 and 58/174, as well as its Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism (resolution 49/60); Commission on Human Rights resolutions 2001/37 and 2004/44, Human Rights Council resolution 6/28 and its recent resolution on the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism (28 March 2008).
4 Human Rights Committee, general comment N° 6 (1982).
5 Manfred Nowak, U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary, 2nd rev. ed. (N.P. Engel, 2005), p. 121
6 Human Rights Committee, views on communication N° 859/1999, Luis Asdrúbal Jiménez Vaca v. Colombia, 25 March 2002 (A/57/40 (vol. II), annex IX, sect. W, para. 7.3).
7 For example, “Updated Set of principles for the protection and promotion of human rights through action to combat impunity” (E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1). See also Human Rights 49 Committee, views on communication N° 195/1985, Delgado Páez v. Colombia, 12 July 1990 (A/45/40 (vol. II), annex IX, sect. D).
8 European Court of Human Rights, Kiliç v. Turkey, N° 22492/93, Judgement of 28 March 2000, para. 62. See also Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Velásquez Rodríguez v. Honduras, Judgement of 29 July 1988 (para. 174).
9 Delgado Páez v. Colombia: “State parties have undertaken to guarantee the rights enshrined in the Covenant. It cannot be the case that, as a matter of law, States can ignore known threats to the life of persons under their jurisdiction, just [because] he or she is not arrested or otherwise detained. State parties are under an obligation to take reasonable and appropriate steps to protect them. An interpretation of article 9 which would allow a State party to ignore threats to personal security of non-detained persons within its jurisdiction would render totally ineffective the guarantees of the Covenant” (para. 5.5).
10 Further the reports of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: UNHCR, “Addressing security concerns without undermining refugee protection – a UNHCR perspective” (November 2001); UNHCR, Ten refugee protection concerns in the aftermath of September 11, press release, 23 October 2001.
11 UNHCR, “Guidelines on international protection: application of the exclusion clauses:article 1F of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees” (HCR/GIP/03/05); UNHCR, “Background note on the application of the exclusion clauses: article 1F of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees” (2003).
12 UNHCR, “Note on the cancellation of refugee status” (22 November 2004).
13 A more secure world…, para. 21.