( ISSN 2277 - 9809 (online) ISSN 2348 - 9359 (Print) ) New DOI : 10.32804/IRJMSH

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REASONS CAUSING PERSIAN MIGRATION INTO INDIA DURING 16-18TH CENTURY

    2 Author(s):  N. SARASWATHI, VALI JAFARI

Vol -  10, Issue- 7 ,         Page(s) : 105 - 113  (2019 ) DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/IRJMSH

Abstract

The immediate neighbor of Indian sub-continent is Persia. There are multi-dimensional associations between India and Persia. These associations date back from Mughal Period in areas of religion, art and literature. During the Mughal reign, various developments in these areas were witnessed due to migration of Persians into India. This study attempted to understand the reasons for migration of Persians into India during 16-18th century. It was found that pivotal reasons for their migration were employment, religion, political situation, commerce, etc. Their migration was permanent as they gained high position in Mughal courts and served under Mughal kings.

1. Abolghasem Dadvar, Iranians in Mughal Politics and Society [1606-1658] (New Dehli: Cyan Publishing House, 2000), p.201.
2. A.J. Toynbee, A Study of History (Ed.) D.C. Somervell (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), p.345.
3. Abolghasem Dadvar, p.137
4. Irfan Habib (ed.) “A Shared Heritage: The Growth of Civilizations in India and Iran”, Aligarh Historians Society (New Delhi: Tulika Books, 2002).
5. M. Abdul Ghani, A History of Persian Language and Literature at the Mughal Court, Vol.11 (Lahore: Hijra International Publishers, 1983), pp.174-75.
6. Roger M. Savory, Iran under the Safavids (London: Cambridge University Press, 1980),
7. pp. 192-93.
8. Ibid., p.205.
9. Jean Calmard, 'Safavid Persia in Indo- Persian Sources and in Timurid- Mughal Perception', The making of Indo- Persian culture, ed. Muzaffar Alam, Francoise Nalini Delvoye, Marc Gaborieau, Delhi, 2000, p. 325.
10. Muhammad Ali Azad Kashmiri, Nujum us Sama, Tehran, 2003, p. 447.
11. Nurullah Shushtari, Sawarim ul Muhraqa, Tehran, 1988, Introduction, p. 12.
12. Nawab Inayat Khan Rasikh, Bayaz, Ms. Habib Ganj Collection, Aligarh Muslim University, ff. 97a-b.
13. Abdul Qadir Badauni, Muntakhab ut Tawarikh, Calcutta, 1868, III, pp. 137-138.
14. Muhammad Ali Hazin Lahiji, Tazkirat ul Ahwa/, Tehran, 1996, pp. 199-200.
15. H.k. Sherwani, Mahmud Gawan, The Great Bahmani Wazir, Allahabad, 1941, pp. 23-24.
16. Ibid. pp. 25-26
17. Mustafa K. Sherwani, The Bahmanis of the Deccan, New Delhi, 1985, pp. 227-228.
18. Rizvi, History of Isna Ashari Shiis in India, I, p. 304.
19. Sayyid Muhyud Din Qadiri Zur, Mir Muhammad Mumin Astrabadi, tr. Qum, 2008, pp. 179-180.
20. Ibid, p. 115.
21. Rasul Jafaryan, The Safavids in the Arenas of Religion, Culture and Politics, Qum, 2000, II, p. 517.
22. Rizvi, History of the Isna Ashari Shiis in India, I, pp. 85-86.
23. Muhammad Yasin,A Social History of Islamic India, Delhi, 1974, pp. 5-6.
24. Sukumar Ray, Humayun in Persia, Calcutta, 1948, p. 61.
25. Muzaffar Alam, 'The pursuit of Persian Language in Mughal Politics', Modern Asian studies, 32,2, 1998, £· 321.
26. Afzal Husain, The Nobility under Akbar and Jahangir, New Delhi, 1999, p. 191.
27. Riazul Islam, Indo- Persian Relations, tr. Tehran, 1994, p. 262.
28. Firdos Anwar, Nobility under the Mughals, Delhi, 2001, p. 85
29. M. K. Dhavalikar, 'India- Iran Contacts in Prehistory', Growth of Civilization In India and Iran, p. 1.
30. Ishrat Alam, 'Technological Exchange between India and Iran in Ancient and Medieval Times', Ibid, p. 77
31. U.P. Arora, 'India, Greece and Iran', Ibid, p. 71.
32. Najaf Haider, 'Global Networks of Exchange, the India Trade and the Mercantile Economy of Safavid Iran', Ibid, p. 193
33. Ibid, p. 195.
34. Ershad, Historical Immigration of Iranians to India, p. 133.  
35. S.S. Abd-ur-Rehman, Hindustan Kay Salatin, Ulemah Aur Mashaikh Kay Ta’aluqaat Per Aik Nazar [Urdu] (Karachi: National Book Foundation, 1990), p.11.
36. Niccolao Manucci, Storia Do Mogor (Eng.Tr.) William Irvine ‘Mogul India,’ Vol.I (London: John Murray Albemarle, 1906), p.177.
37. I.H. Qureshi, The Administration of the Mughal Empire (Karachi: The Director of Publications, University of Karachi, 1966), pp.252-53.
38. For an example of immigration at the beginning of the eighteenth century, see MU, vol. I, p. 463.
39. J. Aubin, “Šâh Ismâ‘il et les notables de l’Iraq persan. Etudes safavides I”, JESHO 2(1959), p. 60-64.
40. All ten are descendants of Soltan Hoseyn Mirza b. Bahram Mirza, brother of Shah Tahmasp, living in the Qandahar region. They aligned with the Mughal side as a result of the purge of the royal family by Esma‘il II. See MU, vol. II, p. 670-676, vol. III, p. 296-302, 434-442, 583-586, etc.
41. The number of people who came from Khwaf (19) is impressive, if one takes the size of the city into account. The numbers reflect Aurangzeb’s particular favour towards them. See Athar Ali, The Mughal 7obility under Aurangzeb, p. 19.

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