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PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT: A REVIEW PAPER

    2 Author(s):  DR NARINDER KAUR,PARAMJIT KAUR

Vol -  10, Issue- 1 ,         Page(s) : 360 - 372  (2019 ) DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/IRJMSH

Abstract

This review paper discusses the origin and development of the psychological contract between the organisations and their employees. The paper explores the journey of the concept of psychological contract from its origin to the present day position it holds in the organisation. It has undergone many revisions to the original concept and has a new identity as a psychological contract as tool for the benefit of the employees. The paper concludes with the gaps for future research.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Anderson, N., & Schalk, R. (1998). The psychological contract in retrospect and prospect.                          Journal of Organizational<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Behavior<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>, 19, 637–648.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>          Ang, S., Ling Tan, M., & Yee Ng, K. (2000). Psychological contracts in Singapore.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Argyris, C. (1960). Understanding  organizational behavior. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Bal P. Matthijs :-Psychological contract breach and work performance:-Is social exchange a buffer or an intensifier? Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 25 No. 3, 2010 pp. 252-273q Emerald Group Publishing.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Beau, P. M. 1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Casio and Agunis (2008) Staffing Twenty-first-century Organizations, The Academy of Management Annals Vol. 2, No. 1, 2008, 133–165.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'>Chaudhry, A., & Song, L. J. (2014). Rethinking Psychological Contracts in the Context of Organizational Change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 50(3), 337–363.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Conway, N., & Briner, R. B. (2002). A daily diary study of affective responses to psychological contract breach and exceeded promises. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23,287-302.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'>Conway, Neil & Briner, Rob B. Understanding Psychological Contracts at Work: A Critical Evaluation of Theory and Research. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, (2005) <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Coyle-Shapiro, J. A.-M.,&Kessler, I. (2000, August). Mutuality, stability, and psychological contract breach:A longitudinal study. Paper presented at Academy of Management<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>meeting, Toronto, Canada.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>David J. McDonald Peter J. Makin, (2000),"The psychological contract, organisational commitment and job satisfaction of temporary staff", Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 21 Iss 2 pp. 84 – 91.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'>Dunahee, M. H., & Wangler, L. A. (1974). The Psychological Contract: A Conceptual Structure for Management/Employee Relation. Personnel Journal, 7, 518-526.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Freese, C., & Schalk, R. (1997). Tilburgse Psychologisch Contract Vragenlijst [Tilburg psychological contract questionnaire]. Unpublished paper, University of Tilburg.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>George, C. (2009). The Psychological Contract: Managing and developing professional groups. Berkshire: Open University Press.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'>Guest, David E. Is the psychological contract worth taking seriously? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19: 649-664 (1998). <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Herriott, P.,&Pemberton, C. (1995). New deals: The revolution<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>in managerial careers<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>. Chichester, UK: Wiley<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Kotter, J.P. (1973). The psychological contract. California Management Review, 15, 91-99.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'>Lester, Scott W; Kickul, Jill. Psychological contracts in the 21st century: What employees value most and how well organizations are responding to these expectations. Human Resource Planning, 24(1): 10 (2001). <span style='mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>
Boddy, John. Negotiating the 'psychological contract.' Training Journal, Aug 2000: 10.Jenna Pickup

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Levinson, H., Price, C.R., Munden, K.J., Mandl, H.J., & Solley, C.M. (1962). Men, management and mental health. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

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<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Portwood, J. D., & Miller, E. L., “Evaluating the psychological contract: Its implications for employee satisfaction and work behavior”, Proceedings of the Annual Academy of<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Management<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>, 1976, pp. 109-113.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Robert G. DelCampo, (2007),"Understanding the psychological contract: a direction for the future",Management Research News, Vol. 30 Iss 6 pp. 432 - 440<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Robinson, S. L., Kraatz, M. S., & Rousseau, D. M. (1994).Changing obligations and the psychological contract: A longitudinal study. Academy of Management Journal, 47,<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>137-152.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Robinson, S. L.,& Morrison, E.W. (1995). Psychological contracts and OCB: The effect of unfulfilled obligations on civic virtue behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 289-298.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Roehling Mark V. (1997),"The origins and early development of the psychological contract construct",Journal of Management History (Archive), Vol. 3 Iss: 2 pp. 204 – 217.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Rousseau, & R. Schalk (Eds.), Psychological contracts in employment: cross national perspectives. (pp. 213–230). Thousand Oaks: Sage<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Rousseau, D. M. (1998). Why workers still identify with organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 217- 233. Rousseau, D. M. (2000). The psychological contract inventory [technical report]. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon University,Heinz School of Public Policy and Management.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Rousseau, D. M. (2001). Schema, promise and mutuality: The building blocks of the psychological contract. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74, 511-541.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Rousseau, D. M. 1989. Psychological and implied contracts in organizations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2: 121–139.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Rousseau, D. M. 1990. New hire perceptions of their own and their employer’s obligations: A study of psychological contracts. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11: 389–400.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Rousseau, D. M. 1995. Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Rousseau, D. M., & Shperling, Z. (in press). Pieces of the action: Ownership and the changing employment relationship. Academy of Management Review.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Rousseau, D. M., & Tijoriwala, S. A. (1999). What’s a good reason to change? Motivated reasoning and social accounts in promoting organizational change. Journal of<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Applied Psychology<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>, 84, 514-528.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Rousseau, D. M., & Tijoriwala, S. A. 2000. What’s a good reason to change? Motivated reasoning and social accounts in promoting organizational change.  Journal of Applied Psychology, 84: 514–528.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Rücker Marius Sebastian (2017), “A Critical Evaluation of the Psychological Contract as a Determiner of Behaviour in Organisations” International Journal of Human Resource Studies ISSN 2162-3058 2018, Vol. 8, No. 1

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Schalk, R., & Rousseau, D.M. (2001). Psychological contracts in employment. In N.Anderson, D.S. Ones, H. Kepir Sinangil, & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), Handbook of industrial, work & organizational psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 133-142). Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Schein, E. H. (1980). Organizational psychology (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Schein, E. H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. San<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Francisco: Jossey-Bass.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Turnley, W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2000). Re-examining the effects of psychological contract violations: Unmet expectations and job dissatisfaction as mediators. Journal<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>of Organizational Behavior<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language: EN-IN'>, 21, 25-42.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

Turnley, W.H., & Feldman, D.C. (1999).

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Anderson, N., & Schalk, R. (1998). The psychological contract in retrospect and prospect.                          Journal of Organizational<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Behavior<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>, 19, 637–648.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>          Ang, S., Ling Tan, M., & Yee Ng, K. (2000). Psychological contracts in Singapore.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Argyris, C. (1960). Understanding  organizational behavior. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Bal P. Matthijs :-Psychological contract breach and work performance:-Is social exchange a buffer or an intensifier? Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 25 No. 3, 2010 pp. 252-273q Emerald Group Publishing.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Beau, P. M. 1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Casio and Agunis (2008) Staffing Twenty-first-century Organizations, The Academy of Management Annals Vol. 2, No. 1, 2008, 133–165.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'>Chaudhry, A., & Song, L. J. (2014). Rethinking Psychological Contracts in the Context of Organizational Change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 50(3), 337–363.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Conway, N., & Briner, R. B. (2002). A daily diary study of affective responses to psychological contract breach and exceeded promises. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23,287-302.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'>Conway, Neil & Briner, Rob B. Understanding Psychological Contracts at Work: A Critical Evaluation of Theory and Research. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, (2005) <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Coyle-Shapiro, J. A.-M.,&Kessler, I. (2000, August). Mutuality, stability, and psychological contract breach:A longitudinal study. Paper presented at Academy of Management<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>meeting, Toronto, Canada.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>David J. McDonald Peter J. Makin, (2000),"The psychological contract, organisational commitment and job satisfaction of temporary staff", Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 21 Iss 2 pp. 84 – 91.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'>Dunahee, M. H., & Wangler, L. A. (1974). The Psychological Contract: A Conceptual Structure for Management/Employee Relation. Personnel Journal, 7, 518-526.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Freese, C., & Schalk, R. (1997). Tilburgse Psychologisch Contract Vragenlijst [Tilburg psychological contract questionnaire]. Unpublished paper, University of Tilburg.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>George, C. (2009). The Psychological Contract: Managing and developing professional groups. Berkshire: Open University Press.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'>Guest, David E. Is the psychological contract worth taking seriously? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19: 649-664 (1998). <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Herriott, P.,&Pemberton, C. (1995). New deals: The revolution<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>in managerial careers<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>. Chichester, UK: Wiley<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Kotter, J.P. (1973). The psychological contract. California Management Review, 15, 91-99.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'>Lester, Scott W; Kickul, Jill. Psychological contracts in the 21st century: What employees value most and how well organizations are responding to these expectations. Human Resource Planning, 24(1): 10 (2001). <span style='mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>
Boddy, John. Negotiating the 'psychological contract.' Training Journal, Aug 2000: 10.Jenna Pickup

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Levinson, H., Price, C.R., Munden, K.J., Mandl, H.J., & Solley, C.M. (1962). Men, management and mental health. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

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<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Robinson, S. L.,& Morrison, E.W. (1995). Psychological contracts and OCB: The effect of unfulfilled obligations on civic virtue behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 289-298.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Roehling Mark V. (1997),"The origins and early development of the psychological contract construct",Journal of Management History (Archive), Vol. 3 Iss: 2 pp. 204 – 217.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Rousseau, & R. Schalk (Eds.), Psychological contracts in employment: cross national perspectives. (pp. 213–230). Thousand Oaks: Sage<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Rousseau, D. M. (1998). Why workers still identify with organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 217- 233. Rousseau, D. M. (2000). The psychological contract inventory [technical report]. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon University,Heinz School of Public Policy and Management.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Rousseau, D. M. (2001). Schema, promise and mutuality: The building blocks of the psychological contract. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74, 511-541.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Rousseau, D. M. 1989. Psychological and implied contracts in organizations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2: 121–139.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Rousseau, D. M. 1990. New hire perceptions of their own and their employer’s obligations: A study of psychological contracts. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11: 389–400.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Rousseau, D. M. 1995. Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Rousseau, D. M., & Shperling, Z. (in press). Pieces of the action: Ownership and the changing employment relationship. Academy of Management Review.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Rousseau, D. M., & Tijoriwala, S. A. (1999). What’s a good reason to change? Motivated reasoning and social accounts in promoting organizational change. Journal of<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Applied Psychology<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>, 84, 514-528.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Rousseau, D. M., & Tijoriwala, S. A. 2000. What’s a good reason to change? Motivated reasoning and social accounts in promoting organizational change.  Journal of Applied Psychology, 84: 514–528.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Rücker Marius Sebastian (2017), “A Critical Evaluation of the Psychological Contract as a Determiner of Behaviour in Organisations” International Journal of Human Resource Studies ISSN 2162-3058 2018, Vol. 8, No. 1

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<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Turnley, W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2000). Re-examining the effects of psychological contract violations: Unmet expectations and job dissatisfaction as mediators. Journal<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black'> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>of Organizational Behavior<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language: EN-IN'>, 21, 25-42.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Turnley, W.H., & Feldman, D.C. (1999). The impact of psychological contract violations on exit, voice,  loyalty and neglect. Human Relations, 52, 895-922.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Turnley,W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (1999). The impact of psychological contract violations on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. Human Relations, 52, 895-922.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Upasana Aggarwal and Shivganesh Bhargava, Journal of Indian Business Research Vol. 1 No. 4, 2009 pp. 238-251 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1755-4195

<span lang="EN-IN" style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi; background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'><br clear="all" style="page-break-before:always;mso-break-type:section-break"> The impact of psychological contract violations on exit, voice,  loyalty and neglect. Human Relations, 52, 895-922.

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN'>Turnley,W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (1999). The impact of psychological contract violations on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. Human Relations, 52, 895-922.<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>

<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black'>Upasana Aggarwal and Shivganesh Bhargava, Journal of Indian Business Research Vol. 1 No. 4, 2009 pp. 238-251 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1755-4195

<span lang="EN-IN" style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi; background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'><br clear="all" style="page-break-before:always;mso-break-type:section-break">

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