( ISSN 2277 - 9809 (online) ISSN 2348 - 9359 (Print) ) New DOI : 10.32804/IRJMSH

Impact Factor* - 6.2311


**Need Help in Content editing, Data Analysis.

Research Gateway

Adv For Editing Content

   No of Download : 226    Submit Your Rating     Cite This   Download        Certificate

FLUORIDE CONTAMINATION IN DRINKING WATER AND ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES TO REMOVE IT

    1 Author(s):  ULFAT KHAN

Vol -  5, Issue- 11 ,         Page(s) : 164 - 173  (2014 ) DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/IRJMSH

Abstract

ABSTRACT Fluoride is a component that remains in a certain amount in water. On crossing this certain limit, fluoride contaminates the water. Excessive fluoride concentrations have been reported in ground waters of more than 20 developed and developing countries including India where 17 states are facing acute fluorosis problems. Persons once attacked by this are never cured of this. Various technologies are being used to remove fluoride from water but still the problem has not been rooted out. This paper gains its importance by highlighting the causes of fluoride contamination in ground water, intensity of different types of fluorosis among the affected patients, finding the causal connection between the variables of factors and solution of these problems.

1. A. Liu, J. Ming, R.O. Ankumah, Nitrate contamination in private wells in rural Alabama, United States, Sci. Tot. Environ. 346 (1–3) (2005) 112–120.
2. A. Rukah, K. Alsokhny, Geochemical assessment of groundwater contamination with special emphasis on fluoride concentration, North Jordan, Chem. Erde Geochem. 64 (2) (2004) 171-181.
3. A.N. Deshmukh, P.M. Wadaskar, and D.B. Malpe, In :A. N. Deshmukh, D. B. Yedekar, & K. K. K. Nair (Eds.),Fluorine in environment. Fluorine in environment in Gondwana Geological Magazine, 1995, 9, 1–20.
4. Bhattacharya, H. N., Chakrabarti, S. (2011). Incidence of fluoride in the groundwater of Purulia District, West Bengal: a geo-environmental appraisal, Current Science, 101(2) 
5. Brindha, K., Rajesh, R., Murugan, R., & Elango, L. (2011). Fluoride contamination in groundwater in parts of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 172, 481-492.
6. C.N. Mulligan, R.N.Yong, B.F. Gibbs, Remediation technologies for metal contaminated soils and groundwater: an evaluation, Eng. Geol. 60 (1–4) (2001) 193–200.
7. Das B., Talukdar J., Sarma S., Gohain B., Dutta R. K., Das H. B. and S. C. Das, 2003, Fluoride and other inorganic constituents in groundwater of Guwahati, Assam, India, Current Science, 85 ( 5), pp. 657-661
8. Gupta S. K. and R. D. Deshpande, 1998. Depleting Groundwater Levels and Increasing Fluoride Concentration in Villages of Mehsana District, Gujarat, India: Cost to Economy and Health, report sponsored by Habitat International coalition.
9. Handa, B. K. (1975). Geochemistry and genesis of fluoride containing ground waters in India. Groundwater (13), pp 275–281.
10. Handa, B. K. (1979). Groundwater pollution in India. In: Proc Natl Symp Hydrology. IAHS, Publ Univ Roorkee, India, pp 34–49
11. M. Dwarkanath, S. Subbaram, Incidence of fluorosis in a small village Population, Ind. J. Environ. Health 3 (2) (1991) 182–186.
12. Mater. B 106 (2004) 85–97. Agarwal, V., Vaish, A. K., & Vaish, P. (1997). Ground water quality: Focus on fluoride and fluorosis in Rajasthan. Current Science, 73(9), 743–746.
13. Meenakshi, V.K. Garg, Kavita, Renuka, and A. Malik, Ground water quality in some villages of Haryana, India: focus on fluoride and fluorosis.
14. P.L.Smedley, In: Selinus, O. (Ed), Fluoride in natural waters. Essentials of medical geology. Elsevier Academic Press, 2005, Burlington.
15. Rudra, S. (2012). Fluoride Contamination of Ground Water :  A Geographical Analysis Purulia  Block -1 of Purulia District, West Bengal, India, Geo –Analyst, Vol.2, No.1.
16. S. Gupta, S. Banergee, R. Saha, J.K. Dutta., and N. Mondal, Research Report Fluoride, 2006,39, 318-320.
17. S.C. Gupta, Fluoride distribution in ground waters of western Rajasthan, J. Ind. Water Works Assoc. (1999) 57–61.
18. Susheela, A. K. (2002). Fluorosis in Developing Countries: Remedial Measures and approaches. Proc Indian natn Sci Acad. (PINSA). B68 (5). pp 389-400. 
19. US Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, US Government  Printing Office, Department of Health Education and Welfare, Washington,  DC, 1962.
20. W.E. Shortt, Endemic fluorosis in Nellore District, South India, Ind. Med. Gazette (1937) 72–396.

*Contents are provided by Authors of articles. Please contact us if you having any query.






Bank Details