The time allocated to physical education in the majority of western schools has declined over the last decade, with a consequent increase in time allocation for other academic subjects. Budget restraints and pressure to meet academic targets have caused schools to cut back on physical education, with the aim of improving academic performance. There was even a perception amongst key decision makers that time spent on non-academic pursuits might impact negatively on academic achievement. However, advocates of school-based physical activity have suggested that physical education, physical activity and sport may contribute to the enhancement of academic performance either directly or through the achievement of wider social outcomes which, in turn, may impact on academic achievement.