|
MAJOR THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR STUDY OF UNDERDEVELOPMENT, ETHNICITY AND MILITANCY IN THIRD WORLD
1
Author(s):
DR. ASWATHY SATHEESH
Vol - 9, Issue- 4 ,
Page(s) : 215 - 228
(2018 )
DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/IRJMSH
Abstract
An ethnic problem often develops and grows as a result of the different programmes and policies of the state. Though it can often be solved in the initial stages, it is seen that the state in most cases is not sufficiently sensitive with ethnic aspirations. This leads to substantial movements demanding various forms of self-determination. Ethnic assertion poses a major threat to the legitimacy of existing state and can lead to oppression of the ethnic group in question. Using the coercive mechanisms of the state in turn changes the problem into a national question. This may even question the very survival of the state and the ethnic group. In most of the underdeveloped countries the programmes and policies of the state are formulated to appease a majority group or the supporting group of the ruling party.
- Tamils Fight for Freedom- A Memorandum Submitted by the Liberation Tigers to the Seventh Summit Meeting of Non-Aligned Nations Held in Delhi, March 1983, pp.64-65., S.K.Sharma and Urmila Sharma, Western Political Thought–From Bentham to Present Day Vol.II (New Delhi: Atlanta Publishers,1998), p.198.
- Pradeep, Bhargava Political Economy of Sri Lanka (New Delhi: Navrang Publishers, 1987), p.185.
- Edgar F. Borgatta, Marie L. Borgatta (eds.), Encyclopedia of Sociology (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992), pp.299-1300.
- Other theorist may be more concerned about the development of autonomous productive capacity, equitable distribution of wealth or meeting basic human needs.
- There may be many versions of modernization theory but they have some common tenets, first among them is societies develop through a series of evolutionary stages. Second, these stages are based on different degrees and patterns of social differentiation and reintegration of structural and cultural components that are functionally compatible for the maintenance of society. Thirdly contemporary developing societies are at a pre-modern stage of evolution and they eventually will achieve economic growth and take on the social, political and economic features of Western European and North American societies which have progresses to the highest stage of social evolutionary development. Fourthly, this modernization will result as complex western technology is imported and traditional structural and cultural features in compatible with such development are overcome
- Ibid.
- Talcott, Parsons, “Evolutionary Universals in Society” American Sociological Review ,Vol.29, 1964, p.361.
- Edgar, n.3.
- Ibid., p.576.
- Ibid.,p.578.
- Ibid., p.581.
- Rose Mallik, Development, Ethnicity and Human Rights in South Asia (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1998). pp.114-115.
- C. Furtado, “Element of a Theory of Underdevelopment-the Underdeveloped Structures”, in Hentry Bernstain, (ed.) Underdevelopment and Development : The Third World Today (New York: Penguin Books, 1978), p.34.
- S.B.D. De Silva, The Political economy of Underdevelopment (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982), pp.15-16.
- Andre Gunder Frank ‘The Development of Underdevelopment’ in Rober Rhodes (ed.), Imperialism and Underdevelopment (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970), p.4.
- It was Andre Gunder Frank who electively absorbed all these theories and strongly influenced by the work of the Monthly review School, it began to popularize the notion of development of underdevelopment. The main thrust of his early writings was to undermine the theory of dualism which posited a traditional sector holding a modern sector from development. More questionably Frank advanced a notion of a chain type metropolis satellite relation.- an exploitative link stretching from the central powers through to the landowners, the peasants and landless peasant labourers each extracting an economic surplus from the one below.
- C. Furtado, “Elements of a Theory of Underdevelopment-the Underdeveloped Structures” in Hentry Bernstain, (ed.) Underdevelopment and Development: The Third World Today (New York: Penguin Publishers, 1978), pp. 40-41.
- Frank, n.13, p.5.
- Gunder Frank has explicitly moved out of the dependency tradition to work on the broad historical process which gave rise to the formation of the world economy. In this he is following the path of Immanuel Wallerstein who pioneered the world systems analysis centered around the belief that the world has experienced a single all- embracing process of capital accumulation centered on western Europe. in shifting his analysis to the level of capital accumulation on a world scale he has joined forces with the earlier work of Samir Amin, although Frank is more concerned with the early genesis of the world system.
- Quoted in Pradeep, n.2, p.188.
- Quoted in Pradeep, n.2, p.88.
- The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology (219-220).
- V.I Lenin, The Development of Capitalism in Russia (Moscow:1956), p.172.
- Michael Hechter, Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development 1536-1966 (London: Rutledge & KeganPaul, 1975), p.9.
- Ibid.
- Ibid. p.10.
- Ibid.
- Ibid. p.3.
- Andre Gunder Frank, n.13, pp.6-7.
- Sivert Langholm, “On the Concept of Center and Periphery” Journal of Peace Research, No.3-4. 1971.
- P. Sahadevan, “On Not Becoming a Democrat: The LTTE’s Commitment to Armed Struggle”, International Studies (New Delhi), Vol.32, No.2, p.251.
- O.N. Mehrotra, “Ethnic Strife in Sri Lanka” Strategic Analysis (New Delhi), Vol. XXI, No.10, p.1520.
- Sahadevan, n.35, p.252.
- John Richard Thackrau, Encyclopedia of Terrorism and Political Violence (London: 1987), pp.204-205.
- Maxwall Taylor, The Fanatics: A Behavioural Approach to Political Violence (London: 1991), pp.190- 194
- Walter Reich, (ed), The origins of Terrorism: Psychology, Ideologies, Theories, State of Mind(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p.146.
- Sahadevan, n.35, p.255.
- Ibid, p.257.
- Jeffery Ian Ross and Ted Robert Gurr, “Why Terrorism Subsides: A comparative Study of Canada and United States”, Comparative Politics (New York), Vol.21, July 1989, pp.408-409.
- Martha Crenshaw “The Origin of Terrorism: Terrorist Behavior as a Product of Strategic Choice” in Watter Reich (ed.), Origin of Terrorism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p.7.
|