( ISSN 2277 - 9809 (online) ISSN 2348 - 9359 (Print) ) New DOI : 10.32804/IRJMSH

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TRANSFORMATIONS IN COLONIAL PUNJAB: A CRITICALPERSPECTIVE OFCANAL COLONIZATION AND AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT

    1 Author(s):  BHUPINDER SINGH

Vol -  9, Issue- 2 ,         Page(s) : 74 - 82  (2018 ) DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/IRJMSH

Abstract

In 1849, British annexed Punjab. After its accession, it hadacknowledged special attention in the colonial policies. Furthermore,its strategic and political importanceadded more benefits to the region.Because, after the first Anglo-Afghan war (1839-42), Punjab obsessed with the great game so called the Russianexpansionist policy towards Indian Empire. Due to such obligations, British gave special status to Punjab in their defensepolicies. In this background, they had developed rail-road communication links and placed numerous cantonments in the region. Moreover, nine canal colonies had been fabricated which had transformed the barren land of Punjab into one of the fertile areas of the Indian subcontinent.However,such practices of colonial masters were motivated by their self-interest and motives. But,on the other side, a wave of transformations hadglimmered in the very aspects of Punjab

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  3. Talbot, 'Punjab under the British Colonization: Order and Transformation', p. 9-10.
  4.  Singh, 'Agriculture Science and Technology in the Punjab in the Nineteenth Century', p. 197-204.                                                                    
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  11.   Talbot, 'Punjab under the British Colonization: Order and Transformation', p. 3. 
  12.  Singh & Kaur, 'Railway Development in Colonial Punjab: Social and Cultural Assimilation', p. 80-84
  13.   Talbot, 'Punjab under the British Colonization: Order and Transformation', p. 6-7.
  14.   Singh, 'Agriculture Science and Technology in the Punjab in the Nineteenth Century', p. 199-200.   
  15.   The ‘Great Game’ refers to the strategic rivalry between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for
  16. Supremacy over central Asia. The period is generally regarded as between 1813-1907 (Khawaja 2012: 4).
  17.   Singh, 'Agriculture Science and Technology in the Punjab in the Nineteenth Century', p. 198.    
  18.   Muhammad, 'Mastery over Geography and the rise of Social Development: A case study of the Canal irrigation system of the West Punjab during Colonial India', p. 65-66. 
  19.   Krishna, 'Demography of the Punjab (1849-1947)', p. 74-76. 
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  21.   Singh & Kaur, 'Railway Development in Colonial Punjab: Social and Cultural Assimilation', p. 80-81.
  22.   Muhammad, 'Mastery over Geography and the rise of Social Development: A case study of the Canal irrigation system of the West Punjab during Colonial India', p. 68-69.
  23.   Rawlinson, H.G “The British achievement in India” William Hodge, London, 1948.
  24.   Rawlinson, H.G “The British achievement in India” William Hodge, London, 1948. 
  25.   Muhammad, 'Mastery over Geography and the rise of Social Development: A case  study of the Canal irrigation system of the West Punjab during Colonial India', p. 65-72.
  26.   Singh & Kaur, 'Railway Development in Colonial Punjab: Social and Cultural Assimilation', p. 83.
  27.   Rawlinson, H.G “The British achievement in India” William Hodge, London, 1948. 
  28.  Rawlinson, H.G “The British achievement in India” William Hodge, London, 1948.
  29.  Singh, 'Agriculture Science and Technology in the Punjab in the Nineteenth Century', p. 200-201.    
  30.  Singh & Kaur, 'Railway Development in Colonial Punjab: Social and Cultural Assimilation', p. 83.
  31.   Krishna, 'Demography of the Punjab (1849-1947)', p. 76.
  32.   Talbot, Punjab and the Raj, 1849-1947.
  33.  From the mid-1880s the Punjab experienced rapid growth and social change driven by the development of large scale irrigation schemes. During this time British built nine canal colonies in the Punjab. From these the Chenab Colony was the largest of the canal colonies, formed of 809,500 hectares (2 million acres) and had the most extensive irrigation system in India. It was started in1892and continued expanding till the1930s. Dueto these canal colonies barren land of Punjab converted into fertile land (The Punjab: Moving Journeys (Part Two) 2004: 9).
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  35.   Ali, Punjab under Imperialism.
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  40.   Peshawar District Gazetteer 1883-84.
  41.  Singh, 'Agriculture Science and Technology in the Punjab in the Nineteenth Century', p. 195-196.
  42.  Chattha, 'Economic change and Community Relations in Lahore before Partition', p. 191.
  43.  Chattha, 'Economic change and Community Relations in Lahore before Partition', p. 204.
  44.  Chattha, 'Economic change and Community Relations in Lahore before Partition', p. 202-203.
  45.  Chattha, 'Economic change and Community Relations in Lahore before Partition', p. 204-205.
  46.   Singh, 'Agriculture Science and Technology in the Punjab in the Nineteenth Century', p. 201.
  47.  Arrora, Commerce by River in the Punjab or A survey of the activities of Marine Department of the Government of Punjab, 1861-62 and 1871-72.

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